Una aproximación heurística a la heterogeneidad del TDAHEntre la poiesis y la falacia de reificación

  1. Javier Fenollar-Cortés 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Murcia
    info

    Universidad de Murcia

    Murcia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03p3aeb86

Revista:
Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

ISSN: 2340-8340

Año de publicación: 2015

Título del ejemplar: Monográfico sobre TDAH

Volumen: 2

Número: 2

Páginas: 115-120

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

Resumen

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es una realidad clínica compleja y heterogénea cuya expresión clínica implica áreas conductuales, cognitivas, sociales, y emocionales. La conceptualización del trastorno en sus diferentes niveles, supone asumir aproximaciones heurísticas que den respuesta a la heterogeneidad de su naturaleza y sus expresiones clínicas. En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las diferentes aproximaciones conceptuales tanto de la enfermedad mental en sí, como del propio TDAH. Se exponen las contradicciones que subyacen a los diferentes modelos propuestos para la conceptualización y clasificación del constructo, así como las consecuencias derivadas de las posiciones filosóficas asumidas por los diferentes modelos taxonómicos. Este trabajo evidencia que una concepción heurística del TDAH que asuma aproximaciones dimensionales y categóricas en su clasificación, y sea comprehensiva en cuanto a la naturaleza multidimensional del trastorno,permitirá no sólo una reducción de los riesgos propios de toda reificación, sino también sentar las bases que permitan una mayor flexibilidad sin alterar el modelo.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Adams, Z. W., Milich, R. y Fillmore, M. T. (2010). A case for the return of attention-deficit disorder in DSM-5. The ADHD Report, 18(3), 1-6.
  • Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Batstra, L., Hadders-Algra, I. J. N. A., Nieweg, E., Van Tol, D., Pijl, S. J. y Frances, A. (2012). Childhood emotional and behavioral problems: reducing overdiagnosis without risking undertreatment. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(6), 492-494. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 8749.2011.04176.x
  • Batstra, L., Nieweg, E. H. y Hadders‐Algra, M. (2014). Exploring five common assumptions on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Acta Paediatrica,103(7), 696-700. DOI: 10.1111/apa.12642
  • Bernardi, S., Faraone, S. V., Cortese, S., Kerridge, B. T., Pallanti, S., Wang, S. y Blanco, C. (2012). The lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Psychological medicine, 42(04), 875-887. doi.org/10.1017/S003329171100153X
  • Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Aleardi, M., Chouinard, V.-A., Marino, T., Cole, H., . . . Faraone, S. V. (2005). Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings in nonreferred subjects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1083–1089. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1083
  • Breggin, P. R. (13 de Octubre de 2011). A.D.H.D. Is a Misdiagnosis. The New York Times. Recuperado de http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/10/12/are-americans-more-prone-to-adhd/adhd-is-a-misdiagnosis
  • Bruchmüller, K., Margraf, J. y Schneider, S. (2012). Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 128-138. doi: 10.1037/a0026582.
  • Bruchmüller, K., Margraf, J., Suppiger, A. y Schneider, S. (2011). Popular or unpopular? Therapists’ use of structured interviews and their estimation of patient acceptance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 634 – 643. doi:10.1016/j. beth.2011.02.003
  • Cardo, E., Servera, M. y Llobera, J. (2007). Estimación de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en población normal de la isla de Mallorca. Revista de Neurología, 44(1), 10-14.
  • Coghill, D. y Seth, S. (2011). Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? Comments on the preliminary proposals of the DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Committee. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(2), 75-81.
  • Coghill, D., Nigg, J., Rothenberger, A., Sonuga‐Barke, E. y Tannock, R. (2005). Whither causal models in the neuroscience of ADHD? Developmental Science, 8(2), 105-114. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00397.x
  • Coghill, D.R., Seth, S. y Matthews, K. (2014). A comprehensive assessment of memory, Delay Aversion, Timing, inhibition, decision making and variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advancing beyond the three-pathway models. Psychological Medicine 44, 1989–2001. doi. org/10.1017/S0033291713002547
  • Connor, D. F. (2011). Problems of overdiagnosis and overprescribing in ADHD. Psychiatric Times, 28(8), 1-8. Cooper, D. (1967). Psychiatry and antipsychiatry. London; Tavistock Publicantions.
  • Currie, J., Stabile, M. y Jones, L. (2014). Do stimulant medications improve educational and behavioral outcomes for children with ADHD? Journal of Health Economics, 37, 58-69.
  • DuPaul, G. J. y Stoner, G. (2014). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. Guilford Publications.
  • Durston, S., van Belle, J. y de Zeeuw, P. (2011). Differentiating frontostriatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), 1178-1184. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.037
  • Fair, D. A., Bathula, D., Nikolas, M. A. y Nigg, J. T. (2012). Distinct neuropsychological subgroups in typically developing youth inform heterogeneity in children with ADHD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United State of America, 109(17), 6769–6774. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1115365109
  • Fletcher, J. y Wolfe, B. (2008). Child mental health and human capital accumulation: the case of ADHD revisited. Journal of Health Economics, 27(3), 794-800.
  • Fletcher, J. y Wolfe, B. (2009). Long-term consequences of childhood ADHD on criminal activities. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 12(3), 119-138.
  • Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Glutting, J. J. y Watkins, M. W. (2007). ADHD and achievement meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(1), 49-65. doi: 10.1177/00222194070400010401
  • Gagnon, M. A. y Lexchin, J. (2008). The cost of pushing pills: A new estimate of pharmaceutical promotion expenditures in the United States. PLoS Med, 5(1), e1. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050001 Gut, J. Heckmann, C., Meyer, C.S., Schmid, M. y Grob, A. (2012). Language skills, mathematical thinking, and achievement motivation in children with ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders, and normal controls. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 375-379. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.12.002
  • Haber, J. S. (2003). ADHD: The great misdiagnosis. Lanhan: Rowman & Littlefield. Haslam, N., Williams, B., Prior, M., Haslam, R., Graetz, B. y Sawyer, M. (2006). The latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A taxometric analysis. Austrailian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 639-647. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01863.x
  • Hinshaw, S. P. y Scheffler, R. M. (2014). The ADHD Explosion and Today’s Push for Performance: Myths, Medication, and Money. New York; Oxford University Press.
  • Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Sami, N. y Fargeon, S. (2006). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adolescence: Evidence for continuing cross-domain impairment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(3), 489.
  • Holden, S. E., Jenkins-Jones, S., Poole, C. D., Morgan, C. L., Coghill, D. y Currie, C. J. (2013). The prevalence and incidence, resource use and financial costs of treating people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom (1998 to 2010). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 7, 34. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-34
  • Hyman, S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 155-179. doi:10.1146/ annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091532
  • Jiménez, J. E., Rodríguez, C., Camacho, J., Afonso, M. y Artiles, C. (2012). Estimación de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención con o sin hiperactividad (TDAH) en población escolar de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 5(1). doi: 10.1989/ejep.v5i1.87
  • Karalunas, S. L., Fair, D., Musser, E. D., Aykes, K., Iyer, S. P. y Nigg, J. T. (2014). Subtyping attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using temperament dimensions: toward biologically based nosologic criteria. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(9), 1015-1024. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.763.
  • Kendler, K. S. (2014). DSM issues: Incorporation of biological tests, avoidance of reification, and an approach to the “box canyon problem”. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(12), 1248-1250. doi:10.1176/appi. ajp.2014.14081018
  • Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Olazagasti, M. A. R., Roizen, E., Hutchison, J. A., Lashua, E. C. y Castellanos, F. X. (2012). Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(12), 1295-1303.
  • Kuriyan, A. B., Pelham Jr, W. E., Molina, B. S., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Sibley, M. H., ... Kent, K. M. (2013). Young adult educational and vocational outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(1), 27-41.
  • Lahey, B. B. y Willcutt, E. G. (2010). Predictive validity of a continuous alternative to nominal subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for DSM–V. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(6), 761-775. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517173
  • Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Lee, S. S. y Willcutt, E. (2005). Instability of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 896–902.
  • Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P. y Larsson, J. O. (2006). Genetic contributions to the development of ADHD subtypes from childhood to adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 973-981.
  • Lavender, C. (6 de Abril de 2013). ADHD: Are children in schools being over-diagnosed? The Times News. Recuperado de http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/top-news/adhd-are-children-in-schools-being-overdiagnosed-1.123148
  • Loe, I. M. y Feldman, H. M. (2007). Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 643-654. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsl054
  • Marcus, D. K. y Barry, T. D. (2011). Does attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have a dimensional latent structure? A taxometric analysis. Journal of abnormal psychology, 120(2), 427. doi.org/10.1037/a0021405
  • Marsh, J.K., Burke, C.T. y De Los Reyes, A. (2015). The Sweet Spot of Clinical Intuitions: Predictors of the Effects of Context on Impressions of Conduct Disorder Symptoms. Psychological Assessment. Publicación anticipada en línea. doi:10.1037/pas0000173.
  • McClure, I. (2010). Is psychiatry thinking adequately about behaviour? BMJ, 341. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c4445 Morrow, R. L., Garland, E. J., Wright, J. M., Maclure, M., Taylor, S. y Dormuth, C. R. (2012). Influence of relative age on diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(7), 755-762.
  • Moynihan, R., Nickel, B., Hersch, J., Beller, E., Doust, J., Compton, S., ... McCaffery, K. (2015). Public Opinions about Overdiagnosis: A National Community Survey. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0125165. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0125165
  • Nigg, J. T., Tannock, R. y Rohde, L. A. (2010). What is to be the fate of ADHD subtypes? An introduction to the special section on research on the ADHD subtypes and implications for the DSM–V. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(6), 723-725. doi:10.1080/15374416.20 10.517171
  • Nigg, J. T., Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E. y Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1224-1230. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
  • Pelham, W. E., Foster, E. M. y Robb, J. A. (2007). The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 7(1), 121-131.
  • Pliszka, S. R. (2006). Subtyping ADHD based on comorbidity. ADHD Report, 14, 1-5.
  • Polanczyk, G., Silva, d. L., Bernardo, L. H., Biederman, J. y Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 942-948. doi/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942
  • Ramsay, J. R. y Rostain, A. L. (2006). Issues in ADHD in adults. ADHD Report, 14(6), 5-8. doi: 10.1521/adhd.2006.14.6.5
  • Roberts, W., Milich, R. y Barkley, R.A., (2014). Primary symptoms, diagnostic criteria, subtyping, and prevalence of ADHD. En Barkley, R.A. (Ed.). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications.
  • Sciutto, M. J. y Eisenberg, M. (2007). Evaluating the evidence for and against the overdiagnosis of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(2), 106- 113. doi:10.1177/1087054707300094
  • Sjöwall, D., Backman, A. y Thorell, L. B. (2014). Neuropsychological heterogeneity in preschool adhd: Investigating the interplay between cognitive, affective and motivation-based forms of regulation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Publicación anticipada en línea. doi.org/10.1007/ s10802-014-9942-1
  • Skutle, A., Torild, E., Know, F., Van Emmerik, K., Dom, G.; Verspreet, S, … van de Glindu, G. (2015). Early developmental, temperamental and educational problems in `substance use disorder´ patients with and without ADHD. Does ADHD make a difference? Addictive Behaviors Reports, 2, 13-18. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.03.001
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2005). Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological psychiatry, 57(11), 1231-1238. doi:10.1016/j. biopsych.2004.09.008
  • Sonuga-Barke, E., Bitsakou, P. y Thompson, M. (2010). Beyond the dual pathway model: Evidence for the dissociation of Timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 345-355. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.12.018
  • Szasz, T. (1991). Diagnoses are not diseases. The Lancet, 338(8782), 1574-1576.
  • Taylor, E. A. y Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008). Disorders of attention and activity. In M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S. Scott, J.S. Stevenson, E.A. Taylor y A. Thapar, (Eds.), Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (pp. 521–542). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Todd, R. D., Huang, H., Todorov, A. A., Neuman, R. J., Reiersen, A. M., Henderson, C. A. y Reich, W. C. (2008). Predictors of stability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(1), 76-85.
  • Van der Kolk, A., van Agthoven, M., Buitelaar, J. K. y Hakkaart-van Roijen, L. (2015). A systematic review of literatures on factors associated with educational and academic performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Creative Education, 6(2), 164-180. doi: 10.4236/ce.2015.62015
  • van Hulst, ,B.M., de Zeeuw, P. y Durston, S. (2015). Distinct neuropsychological profiles within ADHD: A latent class analysis of cognitive control, reward sensitivity and timing. Psychological Medicine, 45(4), 735-745. doi:10.1017/S0033291714001792
  • Visser, S. N., Bitsko, R. H., Danielson, M. L., Ghandour, R. M., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., ... Cuffe, S. P. (2015). Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Children with Special Health Care Needs. The Journal of Pediatrics. 166(6), 1423-1430. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.018.
  • Wåhlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B. y Bohlin, G. (2009). Heterogeneity in ADHD: neuropsychological pathways, comorbidity and symptom domains. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(4), 551-564. doi 10.1007/s10802-008- 9286-9.
  • Willcutt, E. G. (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 490-499. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8
  • Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Pennington, B. F., Solanto, M. V., Rohde, L. A., Tannock, R., . . . Lahey, B. B. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 991-1010. doi:10.1037/a0027347.
  • Zachar, P. y Kendler, K. (2010). Philosophical Issues in the Classification of Psychopathology: Scientific foundations of the DSM-V and ICD-11. En Millon T., Krueger R. F. y Simonsen, E. (Eds.). Contemporary directions in Psychopathology (pp. 127-148). New York: Guilford Press.