New Public Governance and Public Value Co-creationThe Case of the European Court of Auditors Environmental Audits

  1. Hancu-Budui, Andreea 1
  2. Zorio-Grima, Ana 1
  1. 1 Universitat de Valencia, Valencia-SPAIN
Revue:
Revista de contabilidad = Spanish accounting review: [RC-SAR]

ISSN: 1138-4891

Année de publication: 2024

Volumen: 27

Número: 2

Pages: 275-287

Type: Article

DOI: 10.6018/RCSAR.519241 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccès ouvert editor

D'autres publications dans: Revista de contabilidad = Spanish accounting review: [RC-SAR]

Résumé

This article seeks to bring evidence on public value co-creation between public auditors and auditees, with a focus on the environment, as a matter of pressing interest for the citizens. We analyse data from performance audit reports issued by the European Court of Auditors: the tonality of audit conclusions and the corresponding auditees’ replies and the degree of acceptance and implementation of audit recommendations by the auditees. The analysis is performed using the theoretical perspectives of institutional logics and public value co-creation. We use qualitative and quantitative methods, including sentiment analysis and bivariate analysis. We find evidence that the EU public auditors increased their focus on environmental issues, following an increasingly trending institutional logic of focusing on non-financial topics of public interest. However, the tonality of environment-related audit conclusions and the auditees’ replies does not differ from the non-environment-related ones. We also demonstrate that public auditors co-created public value together with the auditees through a significantly higher acceptance of their recommendations in environmental than in non-environmental audits. The article contributes to the existing literature by using data from a supranational supreme audit institution and by applying an innovative research methodology in the audit field (sentiment analysis). It also offers practitioners valuable insights on performance audit’s evolution and impact. Although the data is limited to one supreme audit institution, this research can open future research avenues to perform comparative analysis with other supreme audit institutions or extend the research scope to content analysis of the substance of audit findings.

Références bibliographiques

  • Abirami, A. M., & Gayathri, V. (2017, January). A survey on sentiment analysis methods and approach. In 2016 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC) (pp. 72-76). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoAC.2017.7951748
  • Abu Hasan, H., Frecknall‐Hughes, J., Heald, D., & Hodges, R. (2013). Auditee perceptions of external evaluations of the use of resources by local authorities. Financial Accountability & Management, 29(3), 291-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12015
  • Adams, C. A. (2017). Conceptualising the contemporary corporate value creation process. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 30(4), 906-931. https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2016-2529
  • Aikins, S. K. (2012). Determinants of auditee adoption of audit recommendations: Local government auditors’ perspectives. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 24(2), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-24-02-2012-B002
  • Alaei, A.R., Becken, S., & Stantic, B. (2019). Sentiment analysis in tourism: capitalizing on big data. Journal of Travel Research, 58(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517747753
  • Alford, R.R., & Friedland, R. (1985). Powers of theory: Capitalism, the state, and democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Almqvist, R., Grossi, G., van Helden, G.J., & Reichard, C. (2013). Public Sector Governance and Accountability, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), 479-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2012.11.005
  • Ansell, C., & Torfing, J. (2021). Co-creation: The new kid on the block in public governance. Policy & Politics, 49(2), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321X16115951196045
  • Baldwin, E., Chen, T., & Cole, D. (2019). Institutional analysis for new public governance scholars. Public Management Review, 21(6), 890-917. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1538427
  • Battilana, J. (2006). Agency and institutions: The 'enabling role of individuals' social position. Organization, 13(5), 653-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508406067008
  • Bryson, J., Sancino, A., Benington, J., & Sørensen, E. (2017). Towards a multi-actor theory of public value co-creation, Public Management Review, 19(5), 640-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1192164
  • Bundes Rechnungshof, Cour des Comptes France, Riksrevisionen (2013). International Peer Review Report of the ECA. Luxembourg: European Court of Auditors Publications.
  • Cluley, V., Parker, S., & Radnor, Z. (2021). New development: Expanding public service value to include dis/value. Public Money & Management, 41(8), 656-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1737392
  • Cluley, V., & Radnor, Z. (2020). Progressing the Conceptualization of Value Co-creation in Public Service Organizations. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 3(3), 211–221, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz024
  • Cordery, C. J., & Hay, D. (2019). Supreme Audit Institutions and Public Value: Demonstrating Relevance. Financial Accountability & Management, 35(2), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12185
  • Cordery, C. J., & Hay, D. C. (2022). Public sector audit in uncertain times. Financial Accountability & Management, 38(3), 426-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12299
  • Desmedt, E., Morin, D., Pattyn, V., & Brans, M. (2017). Impact of performance audit on the Administration: a Belgian study (2005-2010). Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(3), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-04-2016-1368
  • Dey, A., Jenamani, M., & Thakkar, J. J. (2018). Senti-N-Gram: An n-gram lexicon for sentiment analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 103, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.004
  • Dudau, A., Glennon, R., & Verschuere, B. (2019). Following the yellow brick road? (Dis) enchantment with co-design, co-production and value co-creation in public services. Public Management Review, 21(11), 1577-1594. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1653604
  • Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., & Tinkler, J. (2006). New Public Management Is Dead—Long Live Digital-Era Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16(3), 467–494, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui057
  • ECA (2015). Performance Audit Manual. Luxembourg: ECA Publications.
  • ECA (2017). Fostering trust through independent audit. The European Court of Auditors’ Strategy for 2018-2020. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/STRATEGY2018-2020/STRATEGY2018-2020_EN.PDF.pdf
  • ECA (2020a). Audit activities. https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/Pages/AuditingActivities.aspx
  • ECA (2020b) Big data & digital audits. No. 1 2020. https://www.eca.europa.eu/lists/ecadocuments/journal20_01/journal20_01.pdf
  • ECA (2021). The 2021-25 strategy of the European Court of Auditors. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/STRATEGY2021-2025/STRATEGY2021-2025_EN.pdf
  • ECA (2022). AWARE. ECA Methodology and Guidance. The No Surprises Approach. https://methodology.eca.europa.eu/aware/GAP/Pages/No-surprises-approach.aspx
  • Friedland, R., & Alford, R.R. (1991). Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. In W.W. Powell, & P.J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 232-263). Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
  • Funnell, W., & Wade, M. (2012). Negotiating the credibility of performance auditing. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 23(6), 434-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2012.04.005
  • Furubo, J. E. (2011). Performance auditing: audit or misnomer? In J. Lonsdale, P. Wilkins & T. Ling (Eds.), Performance auditing: Contributing to accountability in democratic government. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931801.00007
  • Gallarza, M.G., Gil‐Saura, I., & Holbrook, M.B. (2011). The value of value: Further excursions on the meaning and role of customer value. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.328
  • Gandía, J. L., & Huguet, D. (2021). Textual Analysis and Sentiment Analysis in Accounting: Análisis textual y del sentimiento en contabilidad. Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 24(2), 168-183. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.386541
  • Gendron, Y., Cooper, D. J., & Townley, B. (2001). In the name of accountability‐State auditing, independence and new public management. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 14(3), 278-310. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005518
  • Grossi, G., Hancu-Budui, A., & Zorio-Grima, A. (2023). New development: The shift of public sector auditing under the influence of institutional logics—the case of European Court of Auditors. Public Money & Management, 43(4), 378–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2023.2179777
  • Grönroos, C. (2011). Value co-creation in service logic: A critical analysis. Marketing theory, 11(3), 279-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593111408177
  • Guillamón, M. D., Cifuentes, J., Faura, U., & Benito, B. (2021). Effect of political corruption on municipal tax revenues. Revista de Contabilidad - Spanish Accounting Review, 24(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.410581
  • Hadro, D., Klimczak, K. M., & Pauka, M. (2021). Management’s choice of tone in letters to shareholders: sincerity, bias and incentives. Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 24(2), 202-219. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.393181
  • Hancu-Budui, A., & Zorio-Grima, A. (2023). Supreme audit institutions in Europe: synergies, institutional transparency, gender equality and sustainability engagement. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 35(4), 451-473 https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-07-2021-0116
  • Hancu-Budui, A., Zorio-Grima, A., & Blanco-Vega, J. (2020). Audit Institutions in the European Union: Public Service Promotion, Environmental Engagement and COVID Crisis Communication through Social Media. Sustainability, 12(23), 9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239816
  • Hay, D. (2017). Opportunities for auditing research: back to our interdisciplinary roots. Meditari Accountancy Research, 25(3), 336-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-04-2017-0137
  • Hay, D. C., & Cordery, C. J. (2020). The future of auditing research in the public sector. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 33(2), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-09-2020-0164
  • Hay, D., & Cordery, C. J. (2021). Evidence about the value of financial statement audit in the public sector. Public Money & Management, 41(4), 304-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1729532
  • Herwartz, H., & Theilen, B. (2017). Ideology and redistribution through public spending, European Journal of Political Economy, 46, 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.11.002
  • Huang, R., & Li, Y. (2013). Undesirable input–output two-phase DEA model in an environmental performance audit, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 58(5–6), 971-979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2012.10.001
  • INTOSAI (2021). The INTOSAI Framework of Professional Pronouncements. The International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions. https://www.issai.org/
  • INTOSAI (2022). Environmental And Climate Audits On The Rise – 10^th^ INTOSAI WGEA survey on environmental audit. https://www.environmental-auditing.org/media/117588/wgea-10th_intosai_wgea_survey_publication.pdf
  • Johnsen, Å. (2019). Public sector audit in contemporary society: A short review and introduction. Financial Accountability & Management, 35(2), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12191
  • Johnsen, Å., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, K., Carrington, T., Jeppesen, K.K., Taro, K., & Vakkuri, J. (2019). Supreme audit institutions in a high‐impact context: A comparative analysis of performance audit in four Nordic countries. Financial Accountability & Management, 35(2), 158-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12188
  • Kelly, G., Mulgan, G., & Muers, S. (2002). Creating public value. London, Cabinet Office
  • Le Pennec, M. & Raufflet, E. (2018). Value Creation in Inter-Organizational Collaboration: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics, 148, 817–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3012-7
  • Lounsbury, M., Steele, C. W., Wang, M. S., & Toubiana, M. (2021). New directions in the study of institutional logics: From tools to phenomena. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-111734
  • Lonsdale, J., Wilkins, P., & Ling, T. (Eds.). (2011). Performance auditing: Contributing to accountability in democratic government. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931801
  • Mattei, G., Grossi, G., & Guthrie A. M., J. (2021). Exploring past, present and future trends in public sector auditing research: a literature review. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(7), 94-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-09-2020-1008
  • McCrae, M., & Vada, H. (1997). Performance audit scope and the independence of the Australian commonwealth Auditor‐General. Financial Accountability & Management, 13(3), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0408.00034
  • McHugh, M. L. (2013). The Chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2), 143-149, https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.018
  • McKevitt, D. (2015). Debate: Value for money—in search of a definition. Public Money & Management, 35(2), 99-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2015.1007702
  • Meynhardt, T. (2009). Public value inside: What is public value creation? International Journal of Public Administration, 32(3-4), 192-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690902732632
  • Modell, S., Vinnari, E., & Lukka, K. (2017). On the virtues and vices of combining theories: The case of institutional and actor-network theories in accounting research. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 60, 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2017.06.005
  • Montesinos, V., & Brusca, I. (2019). Non-financial reporting in the public sector: alternatives, trends and opportunities. Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 22(2), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.383071
  • Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating public value: Strategic management in government. London, UK: Harvard University Press.
  • Moore, M. H. (2013). Recognizing public value. London, UK: Harvard University Press.
  • Morin, D. (2004). Measuring the impact of value‐for‐money audits: a model for surveying audited managers. Canadian Public Administration, 47(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2004.tb01181.x
  • Morin, D. (2014). Auditors General's impact on administrations: a pan-Canadian study (2001-2011). Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(5), 395-426. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-10-2013-0948
  • Nath, N., Othman, R., & Laswad, F. (2020). External performance audit in New Zealand public health: A legitimacy perspective. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 17, 145–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-11-2017-0110
  • O'Flynn, J. (2007). From new public management to public value: Paradigmatic change and managerial implications. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 66(3), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00545.x
  • O’Flynn, J. (2021). Where to for Public Value? Taking Stock and Moving On. International Journal of Public Administration, 44 (10), 867-877. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1884696>.
  • Osborne, S.P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022
  • Osborne, S. (2010). The New Public Governance: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. Routledge, London.
  • Osborne, S.P., Radnor, Z., & Nasi, G. (2013). A New Theory for Public Service Management? Toward a (Public) Service-Dominant Approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 43(2), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074012466935
  • Osborne, S.P., Radnor, Z., Kinder, T., & Vidal, I. (2015). The SERVICE framework: A public‐service‐dominant approach to sustainable public services. British Journal of Management, 26(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12094
  • Osborne, S. P., Radnor, Z., & Strokosch, K. (2016). Co-Production and the Co- Creation of Value in Public Services: A suitable case for treatment? Public Management Review, 18(5), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1111927
  • Otia, J. E., & Bracci, E. (2022). Digital transformation and the public sector auditing: The SAI's perspective. Financial Accountability & Management, 38(2), 252-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12317
  • Page, S. B., Stone, M. M., Bryson, J. M., & Crosby, B. C. (2015). Public value creation by cross‐sector collaborations: A framework and challenges of assessment. Public Administration, 93(3), 715-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12161
  • Parker, L.D., Schmitz, J., & Jacobs, K. (2021). Auditor and auditee engagement with public sector performance audit: An institutional logics perspective. Financial Accountability & Management, 37(2), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12243
  • Pestoff, V. (2018). Co-Production at the Crossroads of Public Administration Regimes. In T. Brandsen, T. Steen, & B. Verschuere (Eds), Co-production and co-creation. Engaging Citizens in Public Services (pp. 27-36). New York, USA: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204956
  • Pierre, J., & de Fine Licht, J. (2019). How do supreme audit institutions manage their autonomy and impact? A comparative analysis. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(2), 226-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1408669
  • Pollitt, C., Girre, X., Lonsdale, J., Mul, R., Summa, H., & Waerness, M. (1999). Performance or Compliance? Performance Audit and Public Management in Five Countries Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). Performance audit in Western Europe: trends and choices. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14(1–2), 157-170, https://doi.org/10.1006/cpac.2002.0521
  • Poushter, J., & Huang, C. (2020). Despite Pandemic, Many Europeans Still See Climate Change as Greatest Threat to Their Countries. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/09/PG_2020.09.09_global-threats_FINAL.pdf
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000632
  • Power, M.K. (2003). Auditing and the production of legitimacy. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(4), 379-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(01)00047-2
  • Prasad, A. (2018). Environmental Performance Auditing in the Public Sector: Enabling Sustainable Development (1^st^ Ed.). London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351273480
  • Rana, T., Steccolini, I., Bracci, E., & Mihret, D. G. (2022). Performance auditing in the public sector: A systematic literature review and future research avenues. Financial Accountability & Management, 38(3), 337-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/faam.12312
  • Raudla, R., Taro, K., Agu, C., & Douglas, J.W. (2016). The Impact of Performance Audit on Public Sector Organizations: The Case of Estonia. Public Organization Review, 16, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-015-0308-0
  • Reichborn-Kjennerud, K. (2013), Political Accountability and Performance Audit: The Case of the Auditor General in Norway. Public Administration, 91, 680-695. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12025
  • Reichborn-Kjennerud, K. (2014). Performance audit and the importance of the public debate. Evaluation, 20(3), 368-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389014539869
  • Reichborn-Kjennerud, K., & Johnsen, Å. (2018). Performance Audits and Supreme Audit Institutions’ Impact on Public Administration: The Case of the Office of the Auditor General in Norway. Administration & Society, 50(10), 1422–1446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399715623315
  • Reichborn-Kjennerud, K., & Vabo, S.I. (2017). Performance audit as a contributor to change and improvement in public administration. Evaluation, 23(1), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389016683871
  • Rika, N. (2009). What motivates environmental auditing? Pacific Accounting Review, 21(3), 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140580911012520
  • Sorrentino, M., Sicilia, M., & Howlett, M. (2018). Understanding co-production as a new public governance tool. Policy and Society, 37(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2018.1521676
  • Steen, T., & Tuurnas, S. (2018). The roles of the professional in co-production and co-creation processes. In In T. Brandsen, T. Steen, & B. Verschuere (Eds), Co-production and co-creation. Engaging Citizens in Public Services (pp. 80-92). New York, USA: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204956.
  • Roca, L.C., & Searcy, C. (2012). An analysis of indicators disclosed in corporate sustainability reports. Journal of Cleaner Production, 20(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.002
  • Talbot, C., & Wiggan, J. (2010). The public value of the National Audit Office. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 23(1), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551011012321
  • Thornton, P.H. (2002). The rise of the corporation in a craft industry: Conflict and conformity in institutional logics. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069286
  • Thornton, P.H., & Ocasio, W. (2008). Institutional logics. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, K Sahlin-Andersson (Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 99-128). Sage.
  • Tidå, B. (2021). Seeking the spotlight: How reputational considerations shape the European Court of Auditor's shifting account‐holding role. Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12766
  • Torfing, J., Ferlie, E., Jukić, T., & Ongaro, E. (2021). A theoretical framework for studying the co-creation of innovative solutions and public value. Policy & Politics, 49(2), 189-209. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321X16108172803520
  • Torres, L., Yetano, A., & Pina, V. (2019). Are Performance Audits Useful? A Comparison of EU Practices. Administration & Society, 51(3), 431–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399716658500
  • Triantafillou, P. (2020). Playing a zero‐sum game? The pursuit of independence and relevance in performance auditing. Public Administration, 98(1), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12377
  • Uman, T., Argento, D., Mattei, G., & Grossi, G. (2023). Actorhood of the European Court of Auditors: a visual analysis. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 35(4), 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-08-2021-0130
  • Van Acker, W., Bouckaert, G., & Frees, W. (2015). Mapping and Analysing the Recommendations of Ombuds-men, Audit Offices and Emerging Accountability Mechanisms. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Learning from Innovation in Public Sector Environments (LIPSE). https://lirias.kuleuven.be/1867051?limo=0
  • Van Leeuwen, S. (2004). Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions. Environmental Management, 33(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0063-9
  • Vela-Bargues, J. M., Polo-Garrido, F., Emilio, J., & Pérez-López, G. (2022). The relationship between auditing, political corruption and information transparency: a comparative analysis of the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 25(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.403611
  • Vogler, D., & Eisenegger, M. (2021). CSR communication, corporate reputation, and the role of the news media as an agenda-setter in the digital age. Business & Society, 60(8), 1957-1986. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320928969
  • Voorberg, W., Bekkers, V., Flemig, S., Timeus, K., Tonurist, P., & Tummers, L. (2017). Does co-creation impact public service delivery? The importance of state and governance traditions, Public Money & Management, 37(5), 365-372, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2017.1328798
  • Weihrich, D. (2018). Performance auditing in Germany concerning environmental issues. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 9(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-04-2017-0036
  • Zorio-Grima, A. & Carmona, P. (2019). Narratives of the Big-4 transparency reports: country effects or firm strategy? Managerial Auditing Journal, 34(8), 951-985. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-09-2018-1994>