Influencers políticos en Instagramlos nuevos agentes digitales de la participación política en España

  1. Palacios López, Maitane 1
  2. Vizcaíno, F.B. 2
  1. 1 Universidad CEU San Pablo
    info

    Universidad CEU San Pablo

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00tvate34

  2. 2 Universidad Nebrija
    info

    Universidad Nebrija

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03tzyrt94

Revista:
Recerca: revista de pensament i analisi

ISSN: 1130-6149

Año de publicación: 2024

Número: 29

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6035/RECERCA.7657 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Recerca: revista de pensament i analisi

Resumen

The purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether the phenomenon of influencers has led to a shift towards the spectacularisation of politics on Instagram and its reach among young people. Sixty key political influencers in Spain were identified through social listening, influencer analysis tools, expert consultations and social media searches. A detailed profile analysis focusing on performance metrics and audience demographics was conducted and triangulated with content analysis of 600 posts. The results show that these political influencers have a combined total of 6,287,149 followers, primarily under the age of 35, and have high interaction rates (3.9%). These influencers are also young, with 68% under 35, predominantly male (65%), and well educated. Their content is mainly political information blended with entertainment, addressing current political issues through the reel format. This study represents the first mapping of Spanish political influencers and highlights their potential impact on young people and deliberative democracy on social networks.

Información de financiación

Este artículo se localiza dentro del proyecto “Conocimientos, actitudes y opiniones de la población española sobre los algoritmos de Internet y diseño de alfabetizaciones algorítmicas críticas” (Ref. PDI2022-140183OB-100) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades

Financiadores

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abidin, Crystal (2015). Communicative intimacies: Influencers and perceived interconnectedness. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, 8.
  • Akyon, Fatih Cagatay & Kalfaoglu, M. Esat (2019, October). Instagram fake and automated account detection. In 2019 Innovations in intelligent systems and applications conference (ASYU) (1-7). IEEE.
  • Allgaier, Joachim (2020). Rezo and German Climate Change Policy: The Influence of Networked Expertise on YouTube and Beyond. Media and Communication, 8(2), 376 386. doi: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2862
  • Alonso-Muñoz, Laura, Miquel-Segarra, Susana & Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2016). Un potencial comunicativo desaprovechado. Twitter como mecanismo generador de diálogo en campaña electoral. Obra Digital, 11, 39-59.
  • Arnesson, Johanna (2022). Influencers as ideological intermediaries: Promotional politics and authenticity labour in influencer collaborations Media Culture and Society. SwePub. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221117505
  • Barnidge, Matthew (2017). Exposure to Political Disagreement in Social Media Versus Face-to-Face and Anonymous Online Settings. Political Communication, 34(2), 302-321.
  • Bause, Halina (2021). Politische Social-Media-Influencer Als Meinungsführer? Publizistik 66, 295 316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-021-00666-z
  • Berrocal-Gonzalo, Salomé, Quevedo-Redondo, Raquel & García-Beaudoux, Virginia (2022). Política pop online: nuevas estrategias y liderazgos para nuevos públicos. index.comunicación, 12(1), 13-19.
  • Berrocal, Salomé, Redondo, Marta, Martín, Virginia & Campos-Domínguez, Eva (2014). La presencia del infoentretenimiento en los canales generalistas de la TDT española. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 69, 85-103.
  • Caldeira, Sofia P. (2020). It’s Not Just Instagram Models: Exploring the Gendered Political Potential of Young Women’s Instagram Use. Media and Communication, 9(2), 5-15.
  • Campbell, Colin & Farrell, Justine Rapp (2020). More than meets the eye: The functional components underlying influencer marketing. Business Horizons, 63(4), 469-447
  • Carcavilla-Puey, Fernando, García Ortega, Carmela & Rodríguez Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel (2024). Culture war on YouTube: Analysis of the storytelling of the five Spanish political influencers with the most subscribers. VISUAL REVIEW. International Visual Culture Review Revista Internacional De Cultura Visual, 16(3), 303 320. doi: https://doi.org/10.62161/revvisual.v16.5261
  • Casaló, Luis V., Flavián, Carlos & Ibáñez-Sánchez, Sergio (2020). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510 519. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005
  • Castro-Higueras, Antonio, Torres-Martín, José Luis, Carballeda-Camacho, Mireya & Aguilera-Moyano, Miguel de (2021). Comunicación, salud y Covid-19. Cómo comunican los instagrammers sanitarios españoles. Ámbitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicación, 53, Article 53. doi: https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2021.i53.03
  • Cheng, Zicheng, Chen, Jin, Peng, Rachel X & Shoenberger, Heather (2023). Social media influencers talk about politics: Investigating the role of source factors and PSR in Gen-Z followers’ perceived information quality, receptivity and sharing intention. Journal of Information Technology and Politics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2173700
  • Conroy, Meredith, Feezell, Jessica T. & Guerrero, Mario (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1535 1546. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.012
  • Dambeck, Holger (2019). Der Rezo-Effekt – echtodernurgefühlt? [The Rezo effect – real or only perceived?] Spiegel Online. [Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/rezo-effekt-hat-er-der-cdu-geschadet-oder-den-gruenen-genuetzt-a-1270620.html].
  • De Veirman, Marijke, Cauberghe, Veroline & Hudders, Liselot (2016). Marketing through Instagram influencers: impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798-828.
  • Dekoninck, Heleen & Schmuck, Desiree (2022). The mobilizing power of influencers for pro-environmental behavior intentions & political participation. Environmental Communication, 16(4), 458-472
  • Dubois, Elizabeth & Gaffney, Devin (2014). The Multiple Facets of Influence: Identifying Political Influentials and Opinion Leaders on Twitter. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(10), 1260-1277.
  • Ekman, Mattias & Widholm, Andreas (2017). Political communication in an age of visual connectivity: Exploring Instagram practices among Swedish politicians. Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook, 15(1), 15-32.
  • Eldin, Amira Karam (2016). Instagram Role in Influencing youth opinion in 2015 election campaign in Bahrain. European Scientific Journal, 12(2), 245-257.
  • Filimonov, Kirill, Russmann, Uta & Svensson, Jakob (2016). Picturing the party: Instagram and Party Campaigning in the 2014 Swedish Elections. Social Media + Society, 2(3), 1-11.
  • Gingrás, Anne-Marie (1998). El impacto de las comunicaciones en las prácticas políticas. In Mouchon, Jean, Gosselin, André & Gauthier, Gilles (eds.). Comunicación y política (31-43). Barcelona: Gedisa.
  • Gräve, Jan-Frederik (2019). What KPIs are key? Evaluating performance metrics for social media influencers. Social Media+ Society, 5(3).
  • Harff, Darian (2022). Political Content from Virtual “Friends”: How Influencers Arouse Young Women’s Political Interest via Parasocial Relationships. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 11(2), 97-121.
  • Horton, Donald & Wohl, Richard (1956). Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215 229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
  • IAB Spain (2022a). Estudio de redes sociales 2022. https://iabspain.es/estudio/estudio-de-redes-sociales-2022/
  • IAB Spain (2022b). El crecimiento de la marca a través de influencer marketing. Panorama influencers en España: Instagram, YouTube & TikTok. https://iabspain.es/estudio/el crecimiento de la marca-a-traves-de-influencer-marketing/
  • Jin, Seung-A. Annie & Phua, Joe (2014). Following Celebrities’ Tweets About Brands: The Impact of Twitter-Based Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Consumers’ Source Credibility Perception, Buying Intention, and Social Identification with Celebrities. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 181 195. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.827606
  • Joshi, Yatish, Lim, Weng Marc, Jagani, Khyati & Kumar, Satish (2023). Social media influencer marketing: foundations, trends, and ways forward. Electron Commer Research. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-023-09719-z
  • Katz, Elihu, Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix & Roper, Elmo (2006). Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315126234
  • Kim, Yunhwan, Russo, Silvia & Amnå, Erik (2017). The longitudinal relation between online and offline political participation among youth at two different developmental stages. New Media & Society, 19(6), 899-917. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815624181
  • Kissas, Angelos (2022). Populist everyday politics in the (mediatized) age of social media: The case of Instagram celebrity advocacy. New Media & Society, 26(5), 2766 2785. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221092006
  • Liebhart, Karin & Bernhardt, Petra (2017). Political Storytelling on Instagram: Key Aspects of Alexander Van der Bellen’s Successful 2016 Presidential Election Campaign. Media and Communication, 5(4), 15-25.
  • López-Rabadán, Pablo & Doménech-Fabregat, Hugo (2021). Nuevas funciones de Instagram en el avance de la política espectáculo. Claves profesionales y estrategia visual de Vox en su despegue electoral. El Profesional de la Información, 30(2).
  • Lozano, Jose Carlos (2004). Espectacularización en la cobertura informativa de las elecciones mexicanas a la Presidencia. Comunicación y sociedad, 15(1), 29-49.
  • Ma, Xiao, Hancock, Jeff & Naaman, Mor (2016). Anonymity, intimacy and self-disclosure in social media. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, 3857-3869.
  • Marcos-García, Silvia & Alonso-Muñoz, Laura (2017). La gestión de la imagen en campaña electoral. El uso de Instagram por parte de los partidos y líderes políticos españoles en el 26J. In Liberal Ormaechea, Sheila & Sierra Sánchez, Javier (107-118). Uso y aplicación de las redes sociales en el mundo audiovisual y publicitario. Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mohamad, Bahtiar, Dauda, Shamsu Abdu & Halim, Haslina (2018). Youth offline political participation: Trends and role of social media. JurnalKomunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34(3), 192-207.
  • Mosseri, Adam (2022, July 26). There’s a lot happening on Instagram right now. I wanted to address a few things we’re working on to make Instagram a better experience. Please let me know what you think [Tweet post]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/mosseri/status/1551890839584088065
  • Muñoz, Pau (2021). The birth of the influencer-activist, a case study from Spain. doi: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/fcq5z
  • Myers, David G. (1995). Psychology (4th ed). Broadway: Worth Publishers.
  • Naderer, Brigitte (2023). Influencers as political agents? The potential of an unlikely source to motivate political action. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research, 48(1), 93-111.
  • Navarro, Celina & Villegas-Simón, Isabel (2022). Feminist discourses of Spanish digital influencers: An analysis of their activity on social media. Dígitos. Revista de Comunicación Digital, 1(8), Article 8. doi: https://doi.org/10.7203/drdcd.v1i8.223
  • Nieland, Jörg-Uwe (2008). Politainment. In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Communication. John Wiley & Sons. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecp047
  • Oser, Jennifer, Grinson, Amit, Boulianne Shelley & Halperin, Eran (2022). How political efficacy relates to online and offline political participation: A multilevel metaanalysis. Political Communication, 39(5), 607 633. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2086329
  • Palacios-López, Maitane, Bonete Vizcaíno, Fernando & Gelado Marcos, Roberto (2023). New agents of mass disinformation. Analysis of the publications produced by Spanish political influencers on Instagram. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 29(4), 919-932.
  • Papacharissi, Zizi (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259 283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444
  • Parmelee, John H. & Bichard, Shannon L. (2011). Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public. Lexington Books.
  • Quevedo-Redondo, Raquel & Portalés-Oliva, Marta (2017). Imagen y comunicación política en Instagram. Celebrificación de los candidatos a la presidencia del gobierno. El Profesional de la Información, 26(5), 916-927.
  • Riedl, Magdalena, Schwemmer, Carsten, Ziewiecki, Sandra & Ross, Lisa M. (2021). The rise of political influencers —perspectives on a trend towards meaningful content. Frontiers in Communication, 247.
  • Riffe, Daniel, Lacy, Stephen & Watson, Brendan (2014). Sampling. Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. New York: Routledge.
  • Russmann, Uta & Svensson, Jakob (2017). Interaction on Instagram?: Glimpses from the 2014 Swedish Elections. International Journal of E-Politics, 8(1), 50-66.
  • Santos, Romano (2022) Why does Instagram keep trying to be tiktok? VICE. [Available at: https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3vayk/instagram-tiktok-video-meta].
  • Sayre, Shay & King, Cynthia (2010). Entertainment and Society. Influences, Impacts and Innovations. New York: Routledge.
  • Schmuck, Desirée, Hirsch, Melanie, Stevic, Anja & Matthes, Jörg (2022). Politics – Simply Explained? How Influencers Affect Youth’s Perceived Simplification of Politics, Political Cynicism, and Political Interest. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(3), 738-762.
  • Schultz, David (2012). Politainment: The Ten Rules of Contemporary Politics: A Citizens’ Guide to Understanding Campaigns and Elections.
  • Sehl, Katie & Tien, Shannon (2023, February 23). Engagement Rate Calculator + Guide for 2023. Social Media Marketing & Management Dashboard [Available at https://blog.hootsuite.com/calculate-engagement-rate/]
  • Selva-Ruiz, David & Caro-Castaño, Lucía (2017). Uso de Instagram como medio de comunicación política por parte de los diputados españoles: la estrategia de humanización en la vieja y la nueva política. El Profesional de la Información, 26(5), 903-915.
  • Skoric, M. Marko, Zhu, Qinfeng, Goh, Debbie & Pang, Natalie (2016). Social Media and Citizen Engagement: A Meta-analytic Review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817-1839.
  • Soares, Felipe B., Recuero, Raquel & Zago, Gabriela (2018). Influencers in Polarized Political Networks on Twitter. Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.1145/3217804.3217909
  • Suuronen, Aleksi, Reinikainen, Hanna, Borchers, Nils S. & Strandberg, Kim (2022). When social media influencers go political: An exploratory analysis on the emergence of political topics among Finnish influencers. Javnost-The Public, 29(3), 301-317.
  • Tirado-García, Alejandra & Doménech-Fabregat, Hugo (2021). Interacción imagen fotográfica-texto como estrategia de comunicación política en Instagram durante la campaña electoral del 28A de 2019 en España. El Profesional de la Información, 30(2).
  • Trevisan, Martino, Vassio, Luca, Drago, Idilio, Mellia, Marco, Murai, Fabricio, Figueiredo, Flavio, Couto da Silva, Ana Paula & Almeida, Jussara M. (2019). Towards Understanding Political Interactions on Instagram. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT ‘19) (247-251). Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Walter, Stefanie & Brüggemann, Michael (2018). Opportunity Makes Opinion Leaders: Analyzing the role of First-hand Information in Opinion Leadership in Social Media Networks. Information, Communication & Society, 23(2), 267-287.
  • Weeks, Brian E., Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto & Gil de Zúñiga, Homero (2015). Online Influence? Social Media Use, Opinion Leadership, and Political Persuasion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(2), 214-239.
  • Wilson, Elizabeth. J. & Sherrell, Daniel L. (1993). Source effects in communication and persuasion research: A meta-analysis of effect size. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(2), 101-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894421
  • Winter, Stephan & Neubaum, German (2016). Examining Characteristics of Opinion Leaders in Social Media: A Motivational Approach. Social Media + Society, 2(3).
  • Zhang, Kaiping & Kizilcec, René (2014, May). Anonymity in social media: Effects of content controversiality and social endorsement on sharing behavior. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (vol. 8(1), 643-646).
  • Zhou, Liying, Jin, Fei, Wu, Banggang, Chen, Zhi & Wang, Cheng Lu (2023). Do fake followers mitigate influencers’ perceived influencing power on social media platforms? The mere number effect and boundary conditions. Journal of Business Research, 158, 113589.
  • Zimmermann, Daniel, Noll, Christian, Gräßer, Lars, Hugger, Kai-Uwe, Braun, Lea Marie, Nowak, Tine & Kaspar, Kai (2020). Influencers on YouTube: a quantitative study on young people’s use and perception of videos about political and societal topics. Current Psychology.